[42] Alauddin managed to reach Delhi before the invaders, but did not have enough time to prepare for a strong defence. Alauddin Khalji married two Hindu women. Malik Kafur invaded Devagiri again in 1313, defeated him, and became the governor of Devagiri. [6] He also married Jhatyapali, the daughter of Hindu king Ramachandra of Devagiri, probably after the 1296 Devagiri raid,[122] or after his 1308 conquest of Devagiri. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. [88] He imposed a 50% kharaj tax on the agricultural produce in a substantial part of northern India: this was the maximum amount allowed by the Hanafi school of Islam, which was dominant in Delhi at that time.[89]. [141] He also started the construction of the Alai Minar, which was intended to be double to size of the Qutb Minar, but the project was abandoned, probably when he died. On the contrary, Alauddin's Dipalpur governor Malik Tughluq regularly raided the Mongol territories located in present-day Afghanistan. [56], In 1306, another Mongol army sent by Duwa advanced up to the Ravi River, ransacking the territories along the way. God Almighty Himself (in the Quran) commands their complete degradation in as much as these Hindus are the deadliest foes of the true prophet. Alauddin appointed Ala-ul Mulk as the kotwal of Delhi and placed all the non-Turkic municipal employees under his charge. Meanwhile, Sultan Alauddin Khilji’s health began to take a turn for worse. Alauddin Khilji/Khalji Age, Sexuality, Wife, Children, Family, Biography & More. According to the 16th/17th-century chronicler Haji-ud-Dabir, Alauddin was 34 years old when he started his march to Ranthambore (1300–1301). A section of Mongol leaders plotted to kill Alauddin, but the conspiracy was discovered by Alauddin's agents. His vigorous and extensive conquests led to him being viewed as persecutor both at home and abroad, including by Maulana Shamsuddin Turk, Abdul Malik Isami and Wassaf. Such a man of iron-will must be free from all sentiments of conjugal love. The precautions he took to see that the news of his raid into Devgiri did not reach the imperial court compels admiration. is also mentioned to have made huge donations towards repairing Jain temples.[165][166]. But this view is not correct. [119] Based on Barani's description, scholars Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai believe that Alauddin and Kafur were in a homosexual relationship. He desired to overthrow Jalaluddin, and killed him in a ploy to take over the Sultanate. To prevent a black market, his administration prohibited peasants and traders from storing the grains, and established government-run granaries, where government's share of the grain was stored. The conditions seem to have changed a year later. [93] To prevent any rebellions, his administration deprived the rural chiefs of their wealth, horses and arms. Many people, from both military and non-military backgrounds, joined him. [132] A deep emotional bond developed between Alauddin and Kafur. But Khizr Khan had already fallen in love with Deval Devi, the to the daughter of Alp Khan, the governor of Gujarat and the brother of After conquering the throne by killing his uncle and predecessor, Jalaluddin Firuz Khilji, he continued his legacy of invading states and territories to increase his empire over the Indian subcontinent. a Sanskrit inscription at Jodhpur, dated in Alauddin’s reign, the Hindu author paid tribute to Alauddin through whose “god-like valor the earth was rid of all tyranny.” Kakka Suri, the author of Nabhinandana-jinodhara-prabhanda writes about Alauddin: Resembling Indra in prowess, Alavadin covered the earth on all sides like an ocean. [47] The Mongol invasion of 1303 was one of the most serious invasions of India, and prompted Alauddin to take several steps to prevent its repeat. Alauddin Khilji/Khalji Age, Sexuality, Biography, Wife, Family, Facts & More. While yet an unknown figure, Alauddin had distinguished himself in the fight against Malik Chhaju in his raids on Vidhisa. [162], Alp Khan who was transferred to Gujarat in 1310, is praised by Jain sources for permitting reconstruction of their temples. Besides all his mad ambitions, nature had crammed the Sultan with a sense of practicability. In addition, many non-Muslims served in his army. [20] Having strengthened his control over Delhi, the Sultan started eliminating the officers that were not his own appointees. The popular story is about how Alauddin Khilji attacked Chittor, he fell for Padmini on seeing her reflection in the mirror. Assuming this is correct, Alauddin's birth can be dated to 1266–1267. He was fortunate enough…, Pingback: Jalaluddin Khilji - The Alluring Reign Of A Sultan (1290-1296) - Dastan-e-Hind, Your email address will not be published. Alauddin also took steps to curb adultery by ordering the male adulterer to be castrated and the female adulterer to be stoned to death. He was even made the commander of the Deccan forces several times between 1308 to 1313. [114], During the last years of his life, Alauddin suffered from an illness, and became very distrustful of his officers. In accordance with this opinion, whatever affair of state came before him, he only looked to the public good, without considering whether his mode of dealing with it was lawful or unlawful. Alauddin Khilji was the first Sultan whose political sovereignty extended over the Deccan. Of Turkic ethnicity, he is considered the most powerful ruler of the dynasty. Raja Ramchandra of Devagiri died in 1311. His strenuous work habits, hard labor, and irregular habits had severely told upon his body. [139] Alauddin camped in Siri during the 1303 Mongol invasion, and after the Mongols left, he built the Qasr-i-Hazar Situn palace at the site of his camp. [31], In 1299, the Chagatai ruler Duwa sent a Mongol force led by Qutlugh Khwaja to conquer Delhi. Allegedly, he only trusted Kafur Malik whom he appointed as the Viceroy and had acquired most of the administrative powers. Meanwhile, the head of Jalaluddin was paraded on a spear in his camp before being sent to Awadh. The effect was both large landowners and small-scale cultivators were fearful of missing out on paying their assessed taxes. The first Hindu wife of Alauddin was Jhatyapali, daughter of Ramachandra, king of Devagiri. [76] The Delhi chronicler Ziauddin Barani described this seizure of wealth from Dwarasamudra and the Pandya kingdom as the greatest one since the Muslim capture of Delhi. Meanwhile, in Devagiri, after Ramachandra's death, his son tried to overthrow Alauddin's suzerainty. Alauddin then ordered a mass massacre of Mongols in his empire, which according to Barani, resulted in the death of 20,000 or 30,000 Mongols.[78]. Every sentiment of kindness and clemency became extinct in the Sultan’s heart when anything harmful for the state was done. [54][55] Many Mongols were taken captive and killed; the 16th-century historian Firishta claims that the heads (sir) of 8,000 Mongols were used to build the Siri Fort commissioned by Alauddin. The purport of this extreme meekness and humility on his part... is to show the extreme submissiveness incumbent upon this race. However, Arkali refused to come to her aid. The fortified city of Siri existed in the time of Timur, whose memoirs state that it had seven gates. He should also surrender all the insignias of royalty. [82] Barani also attributes Alauddin's revenue reforms to the Sultan's desire to subjugate the Hindus by "depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion". Nevertheless, alcohol continued to be illegally produced in and smuggled into Delhi. [69], During the siege of Warangal, Malik Kafur had learned about the wealth of the Hoysala and Pandya kingdoms located further south. At the news of the murder of their favorite commander Alp Khan, Gujarat garrison unfurled the standard of revolt. He undertook measures to impoverish them and felt it was justified because he knew the Hindu chiefs and muqaddams led a luxurious life but didn't pay a jital in taxes. Naturally, he began to lose grip of the administration. "[152], Alauddin and his generals destroyed several Hindu temples during their military campaigns. In his poetic style, Khusrau states that by this time, all the insolent Hindus in the realm of Hind had died on the battlefield, and the other Hindus had bowed their heads before Alauddin. Malik Kafur marched into the south in 1308 and Alauddin marched into Sevana. Your email address will not be published. [14], At that time, there were heavy rains, and the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers were flooded. The Sultan also possessed a vindictive [93], To ensure that the goods were sold at regulated prices, Alauddin appointed market supervisors and spies, and received independent reports from them. Malika-i-Jahan. Alauddin Khilji’s death resulted from the cause of oedema in the brain and he passed away in 1316. [98] In addition, Alauddin demanded four-fifths share of the spoils of war from his soldiers, instead of the traditional one-fifth share (khums). Banarasidas in Ardhakathanaka mentions that Jain Shrimala merchants spread over North India and in 1314, the sons of a Shrimala and others along with their cousins with a huge congregation of pilgrims were able to visit a temple at Phaludi despite Ajmer and its neighbourhood under siege by Muslim forces. [57] Duwa died next year, and after that the Mongols did not launch any further expeditions to India during Alauddin's reign. He returned to Delhi in 1296, murdered Jalal-ud-din and assumed power as Sultan. [143], In 1311, Alauddin repaired the 100-acre Hauz-i-Shamasi reservoir that had been constructed by Shamsuddin Iltutmish in 1229, and also built a dome at its centre. In response, Alauddin assaulted her. Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal had four sons and three daughters. As per the historians, Alauddin’s father died when … Under his vigorous administration, merchants, money lenders, landholders, and intriguing nobility all suffered terribly. According to Sheikh Bashir Diwana, Alauddin’s government had no stable foundations and the Khilji dynasty was easily supplanted because of the inherent weakness of the Alai rule. [21] Since Ala-ul Mulk had become very obese, the governorship of Kara was entrusted to Nusrat Khan, who had become unpopular in Delhi because of the confiscations. Who can count the strong forts which he captured. [60] Kafur was supported by Alauddin's Gujarat governor Alp Khan, whose forces invaded Baglana, and captured Karna's daughter Devaladevi (later married to Alauddin's son Khizr Khan). According to Amir Khusrow, 20,000 Mongols were killed in the battle, and many more were killed in Delhi after being brought there as prisoners. [16] He also increased the strength of the Sultanate's army, and gifted every soldier the salary of a year and a half in cash. [15] A dejected Ruknuddin then retreated and escaped to Multan with his mother and the loyal nobles. According to Haji-ud-Dabir, Alauddin married a second woman, named Mahru, who was the sister of Malik Sanjar alias Alp Khan. Isami has written that the Sultan worked on the principles of Shariat and exhibited Islam in his actions. He is noted for repulsing the Mongol invasions of India. [149] The masnavi Deval Devi—Khizr Khan by Amir Khusrau states that Gujarat was only annexed in the second invasion which took place seven years after the first one, implying the first was merely a plundering raid. Alauddin’s beloved Mallika-i-Jahan Maharu was imprisoned in the Red Palace of Delhi. [53], In December 1305, the Mongols invaded India again. [21] In 1297,[22] the aristocrats (maliks), who had deserted Jalaluddin's family to join Alauddin, were arrested, blinded or killed. This website offers stories and facts from the periods gone long ago. [103] The shopkeepers who violated the price control regulations or tried to circumvent them (such as, by using false weights) were given severe punishments. confrontations with Kanhadadeva, the Chahamana ruler of Jalore. Alauddin’s regulations about prohibitions are praiseworthy. Religion. At times, Alauddin exploited Muslim fanaticism against Hindu chieftains and the treatment of the zimmis. 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